Road safety for road users

Cycling is a great way to keep fit and healthy and is a good way to commute short distances. The roads in Leeds are being improved to make it safer for cyclists to get around the city, and hiring a Leeds City Bike is an easy way to get to work or college, meet friends, and explore the city.

Cyclists are one of the road user groups most likely to be harmed in a collision on our roads. In 2023 there were 252 cyclist casualties; 72 were seriously injured and 1 cyclist lost their life on the roads of Leeds. Our ambition is to reduce this to zero. There are lots of things you can do, as a driver or a rider, to help keep cyclists safe.

Hierarchy of road users

The hierarchy of road users places those most at risk of harm in the event of a collision nearest the top. Drivers have a responsibility to ensure that those more at risk of harm, including cyclists, are kept safe on the roads. All road users, including cyclists, have responsibility to have regard for their own and other road users’ safety.

Highway Code

Keep up to date with the Highway Code, which sets out the rules for drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians. It provides guidance about where you can cycle, behaviour in shared spaces, road positioning (including cycling in groups), how to carry out safe manoeuvres when cycling, and who has priority at junctions and roundabouts.

Safe passing

Most drivers are courteous to cyclists, but passing too close is one of the main things that make cyclists feel unsafe when riding. The recent revisions to the Highway Code now make the rules very clear. You must leave at least 1.5 metres when overtaking cyclists at speeds of up to 30 miles per hour (mph), and give them more space when overtaking at higher speeds.

Priority at junctions

Most injuries to cyclists occur at junctions. The Highway Code states that drivers turning into junctions must give priority to cyclists who are travelling straight ahead across the junction, and not turn across their path. This is the case for both left turns where the motor vehicle is travelling initially in the same direction as the cyclist, and right turns where the motor vehicle and the cyclist are travelling in opposite directions. Once the cyclist has passed across the junction mouth, the driver can make their manoeuvre.

Failure to see

Many collisions involving cyclists include a factor known as ‘driver failed to see’ recorded as a cause. As a driver, it is essential to look and look again before making a turn, pulling out of a junction, or setting off/reversing. Drivers should look out for all types of road user and vehicle and assess the speed they are travelling at before deciding to move.

The Dutch Reach

The Highway Code recommends that drivers and passengers use a technique which is commonplace in the Netherlands called the Dutch Reach. It can help to avoid 'dooring', which is a collision caused by a driver or passenger opening their vehicle door into the path of oncoming traffic, and is a frequent cause of injury to cyclists. It also helps to protect drivers and passengers from being struck by an oncoming vehicle. These are the steps to follow:

 

• using your hand furthest away from the door, reach across your chest to grasp the door handle
• this forces you to swivel your upper body, helping you to look in the wing mirror, out to the side and over your shoulder to see if there is any oncoming traffic
• you can then look back through the window and, if everything is clear, you can begin to open the door slowly

Cycle helmets

Cycle helmets are designed to reduce impact and can prevent serious injury to your brain if you fall off your bike or are involved in a crash. It’s not a legal requirement to wear a helmet, but it is a recommendation within the Highway Code. If you decide to use a helmet, make sure it is a good fit and that it is properly adjusted. Don’t use a helmet that has previously been damaged in a collision as it may not offer full protection, and check your helmet regularly for damage.

Be bright be seen

It is the law to use white front and red rear lights when you are cycling in the dark. It helps others to see you, and you to see them. It’s a good idea to wear light-coloured or fluorescent clothing in daylight or poor light. Clothing with reflective strips and other reflective accessories will help other road users to see you more easily when it is dark.

Looking after your bike

These regular checks will keep your bike in good condition and help keep you safe on the road. They will also reduce the cost of repairs and extend its life:

• check wheels are tightly fitted and that your spokes aren’t loose
• check tyres for wear and that they are at the right pressure for the conditions
• check your brakes are in good working order
• check the frame isn't bent or cracked
• check the forks and handlebars and make sure there is no looseness or cracks
• check the saddle and seat post don’t move
• check the chain is properly lubricated and moves freely between the gears
• check the pedals spin freely

These checks are often known as the ‘M-check’.

Make sure you know how to service your bike, or take it to a reputable bike mechanic regularly.

E-bikes

Check that your e-bike complies with the regulations. Electrically assisted pedal cycles (EAPCs) that comply do not need to be registered, insured, or taxed. There are many e-bikes or e-cycles available on the market, but not all of them are classified as EAPCs. EAPC is the legal term for an e-bike or e-cycle that can be treated the same as a conventional pedal cycle. The law states you must be 14 years of age or over to ride an e-bike on a public road.

To be classified under the EAPC regulation, the cycle must: 

• be fitted with pedals that can propel it
• have an electric motor with a maximum continuous rated power not exceeding 250 watts
• cut off electrical assistance when it reaches 15.5mph

If an EAPC does not comply with the regulations, it is treated as a motor vehicle under the Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984 and the Road Traffic Act 1988.

The Department for Transport provides guidance on EAPC standards and legal requirements.

Lithium-ion batteries

The number of fires caused by lithium-ion batteries (commonly used by e-bikes) has increased. Make sure that you follow safety guidance:

• do not leave batteries unattended when charging
• do not charge batteries on escape routes or in hallways
• always unplug chargers when batteries are at full capacity

West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service provides more key safety information.

Cycle training

Brush up on your cycling skills or gain more confidence cycling on the roads. Sign-up for free adult cycle training with a qualified cycling instructor.

The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (ROSPA) provide lots of useful tips and information about family cycling, fitting child seats to bicycles, and cycling with children.

Bikeability

Bikeability is the national cycle training programme for children, funded by the Department for Transport and Active Travel England. Various levels of training are available. Bikeability is delivered to schools in Leeds by our training provider, Cycle North. Ask your child’s school if this is something they can offer.

Register your bike

The Bike Register is the national cycle database. Registering your bike will help prevent theft and help enable the police to reunite you with your bike if it is stolen. The Bike Register hold security marking events regularly in Leeds. Follow @ConnectingLeeds on X to find out more.

Cycling in Leeds

Find out about cycle parking, planning cycling journeys, cycling activities, and where to report issues on the roads for cyclists.

Road safety advice for and about disabled road users and people with additional needs.

Making streets accessible for everybody

People you encounter when out and about on our roads may have impaired sight or hearing, and mobility or learning difficulties, and this may not always be obvious. Our roads and pavements should be accessible for everyone, but some disabled people can be deterred from driving, walking, cycling, or using public transport because of additional hazards or fears about road safety.

Some disabled people avoid certain routes where they know they will encounter cyclists, parked cars, or bins, or feel they have to make a different travel choice (such as getting a lift or a taxi), or may even not feel safe enough to go out at all.

Being passed too close by a person on a bicycle can be very unsettling and can result in a loss of confidence to go out independently.

Obstructions that block pavements can have a far greater impact on disabled people, especially visually impaired people, than other members of the community. Parked cars and other pavement obstacles can be a trip hazard, block access, and increase the risk of injury.

Ways to make streets more accessible and to help improve road safety for everyone include taking these steps:

• follow the Highway Code, and take extra care in areas of shared use
• avoid parking on the pavement
• don’t block pavements on bin collection day, and don't leave your bin out for any longer than necessary
• trim back any overgrown branches and shrubs in your garden that overhang the pavement
• take care not to create a trip hazard when using an electric vehicle charging cable
• look out for pedestrians waiting to cross, and slow down or stop
• at junctions, give way to pedestrians crossing, or waiting to cross a road into which, or from which you are turning
• give way to pedestrians on zebra crossings and parallel crossings
• be considerate at uncontrolled crossing points, and take extra care near bus stops. Remember pedestrians may not see or hear you approach
• when cycling, give way to pedestrians on shared use cycle tracks, give pedestrians lots of space when passing, and use lights when it is dark. Use a bell or your voice to alert pedestrians to your presence, and let them know when you are coming up behind them

Pedestrian crossings

The following special facilities are provided at signal-controlled pedestrian crossings to assist visually impaired people:

Audible signals

An audible tone, often referred to as a bleeper, sounds when the pedestrian green man signal is illuminated, and indicates that it's safe to start crossing the road. Care is still required, as vehicles may still be in the crossing area if the road is congested or blocked for any reason. After the audible signal has stopped, there will always be sufficient time for pedestrians to finish crossing the road before traffic restarts.  

Tactile cones

Small cones are fitted underneath the right-hand side of pedestrian push button boxes in the right-hand corner to help people with an auditory or visual impairment. They have a lightly roughened surface, and rotate when the green man operates to indicate it's safe to begin crossing.

Textured (blister) paving and crossing points

Textured paving is installed at controlled crossings and crossing points where the footway has been dropped flush with the carriageway. Its purpose is to warn visually impaired pedestrians that there is a crossing, and indicates the edge of the carriageway. These should be left free of obstacles.

Time to cross

Be patient and allow enough time for disabled people to cross. Give way to anyone still crossing after the signal has changed to green.

Pelican crossings

A flashing green man/vehicle amber signal follows the steady green man/audible signal. Drivers may not proceed while a pedestrian is in the carriageway. At older junctions with far-side signals, the green man signal is extinguished for a period before the red man is illuminated. During this black-out period, traffic is held at a red signal.

Puffin crossings

A red man immediately follows the end of the green man signal. This is intended to stop pedestrians starting to cross, while traffic continues to be held at a red signal while pedestrians remain in the carriageway. Detectors monitor movement on the crossing and extend time up to a maximum to enable pedestrians to safely reach the opposite footway. Puffin units encompass both a push button and a red and green man signal. They are aligned to encourage pedestrians to face oncoming traffic, and are positioned sufficiently close to the tactile paving to allow all users who could reasonably be expected to use the crossing point to reach them easily.

Travel training

Independent travel training is available to help children and young people with special educational needs and disabilities who qualify for the support to travel safely and independently.

Driving with a disability

A physical disability doesn’t automatically disqualify someone from driving, but a driver assessment may be required to confirm that they are safe to drive. It's a legal requirement to notify the DVLA of a disability and any medical conditions that could affect the ability to drive safely. Check which health conditions may affect your driving.

Vehicle adaptations are available that allow disabled drivers to stay safe and independent. Your own car can be adapted, you can buy a customised vehicle, or you can lease a car with adaptations. Find out more about vehicle adaptations and driver assessments.

Seatbelts for disabled people

If you’re a disabled driver or passenger, you must wear a seatbelt, unless you are exempt for medical reasons. You may need to adapt your vehicle to ensure you can comply with the law. Medical exemptions must be authorised by a doctor. 

Children with disabilities or medical conditions must also wear a seatbelt, or use a child car seat, but they can use a disabled person’s seatbelt, or a car seat specially designed for their needs. Find out more information about transporting children with additional needs.

Cycling with a disability

Cycling can be a good, healthy alternative for people who are unable to walk very far, due to less impact on joints.

Cyclists who need additional support can ride e-bikes or adapted bikes or trikes. For those with balance issues, a tricycle can offer all the enjoyment of riding, but with a little added stability. A two-wheel bike can also be adapted with the following features to suit additional needs:

• a lower frame to allow for easier mounting
• hand cranks instead of pedals
• combined braking and gear system

Cycle and bike maintenance training, and adapted cycling activities are available for children, young people, and adults with disabilities. Find out more about cycling in Leeds.

Bus travel

Many bus routes in Leeds offer low floor, easy access buses, and there is help available for disabled bus passengers. Many bus stops have audible information to assist visually impaired people, and people with a disability may be able to get a Blind or Disabled Person’s Travel Pass.

Mobility scooters

If you use a mobility scooter or powered wheelchair, you must learn how to use it safely on the road. Rules 36 to 46 of the Highway Code provide guidance about the use of mobility scooters and powered wheelchairs on roads and pavements. William Merritt Centre also provides guidance and advice, and this video provides practical tips.

Some smaller mobility scooters can be taken on buses, but you may need a certificate to show that your scooter is compatible. Stourton Park and Ride offers secure parking and charging for mobility scooters.

In 2023, 493 people lost their lives or were seriously injured as a result of collisions on the roads of Leeds. 218 of those killed or seriously injured in a road collision were occupants of a car. Drivers play a key role in our ambition to reduce these numbers to zero.

Highway Code

It is the responsibility of all road users to be familiar and comply with the Highway Code. Many of the rules in the Code are legal requirements.      

8 key changes were introduced in 2023, including the following:

• the hierarchy of road users places those most at risk in the event of a traffic collision at the top, and puts more responsibility on those most likely to cause harm
• drivers must give way to pedestrians crossing or waiting to cross a road, or using a zebra or pedestrian crossing. Wait for them to cross before turning right or left into the junction
• drivers who are turning in and out of a junction should not cut across cyclists or horse riders going ahead. Wait for them to pass the junction before turning. Do not turn if it would cause them to stop or swerve

Sign-up to receive email alerts when there are changes to the code.      

The Fatal 5

Investigations into fatal traffic collisions have shown that there are five main contributory factors, known as the Fatal 5. Many fatalities and serious injuries could be prevented if drivers avoided these behaviours.

The Fatal 5 are:

1. speeding
2. distraction
3. seatbelts
4. careless driving
5. drink and drugs

Speeding

Driving too fast can cause serious, avoidable harm, and long-term detrimental consequences for all involved. In 2023, excessive speed, or driving too fast for the conditions was a contributory factor in 12.4% of fatal collisions in Leeds. A further 57% had careless or reckless driving recorded as a contributory factor. Some of these collisions included speeding. Many drivers think speeding is acceptable, or that it’s ok to drive over the speed limit.

The minimum penalty for speeding is a £100 fine and 3 penalty points on your licence. If you passed your test within 2 years and you build up 6 or more points, your driving licence will be withdrawn. More on speeding penalties

The West Yorkshire Safety Camera Partnership enforces speed limits in our region, and has installed fixed safety cameras at high-risk locations in Leeds. They also manage the deployment of mobile safety camera vehicles across the county

20mph speed limits and other restrictions have been introduced around many schools in Leeds and in many residential areas of the city to help keep communities safe

The speed limit is the absolute maximum. It doesn’t mean it’s always safe to drive to it. The faster you drive, the less time you have to react if the unexpected happens. You should always adjust your speed, and drive to the road and environmental conditions

Here are a few tips to help you avoid speeding:      

• leave plenty of time for your journey
• check your speedometer regularly
• be aware of the speed limit for the road you’re on
• if it’s safe, drive slightly under the limit
• use vehicle technology like cruise control or sat nav warnings to remind you to stay within the limit

Distraction due to mobile phone use

Using a hand-held mobile phone while driving is a major distraction, and that lack of concentration could be lethal. 3.4% of fatal collisions in Leeds in 2023 had distraction as a main contributory factor

It's an offence to use a phone, sat nav, tablet, or any device that can send or receive data while driving, as it significantly increases the chances of being involved in a crash

Using your phone while driving can result in a fine and 6 points on your licence. This applies even if you are stopped at the traffic lights, in a traffic queue, in a car that turns off the engine when you stop moving, or if you are supervising someone learning to drive. Find out more about mobile phones and driving.

Not wearing a seatbelt

Seatbelts have saved tens of thousands of lives since being introduced in the front of vehicles in 1983, but some drivers and passengers still drive without buckling up. In 2023, 8.5% of fatal collisions in Leeds were attributed to not wearing a seatbelt.

Wearing a seatbelt can not only save your own life, but it helps protect the lives of others. Seatbelts are designed to keep people in their seats and to prevent or reduce injuries suffered in a crash. They are a key part of wider injury prevention measures and safety systems in vehicles, such as airbags and head restraints.

Unless they are exempt, everyone must wear a properly fitted, functioning seatbelt or an appropriate child restraint when travelling in a vehicle.

Careless driving

The biggest cause of fatal collisions is human error. In 2023, careless or reckless driving was a contributory factor in 57% of fatal collisions In Leeds. Drivers should always be considerate to other road users and avoid behaviour such as:

• driving too close to the vehicle in front
• not paying proper attention to traffic lights, road signs, layouts, and junctions
• drifting between lanes
• risky overtaking and undertaking. Remaining in the middle lane after overtaking
• failing to signal when changing lanes or turning
• unnecessarily slow driving or braking
• failing to stop for emergency vehicles
• distraction, such as eating, drinking, selecting music, talking to passengers, and responding to mobile devices
• impatient driving. Give people the time they need to complete manoeuvres and cross the road at junctions and crossings
• driving when tired. Stay alert and take extra care around schools and in residential areas

Drink and drug driving

Drink and drug driving kills. Driving whilst under the influence of drink or drugs was a contributory factor in 8.3% of fatal collisions in Leeds in 2023.

Drink and drugs impair judgement and slow driver reactions. You may think you’re capable of driving after drinking or taking drugs, but there’s no fail-safe way to tell how much will put you over the limit.

There are strict limits on the amount of alcohol allowed in your system to be able to drive. Different areas of the UK have different rules.

It’s illegal to drive if you’re unfit to do so because you are taking legal or illegal drugs.

Avoid drugs and alcohol if you plan to drive. If you think you might have a drink or take drugs, make sure you arrange a designated driver or find alternative transport home.  

Driving ability can still be affected the morning after a night of drinking or taking drugs, and you might still be over the limit without realising. If you are planning on driving the next day, it’s much safer to avoid them altogether.

The police are allowed to stop any vehicle at their discretion, and can breathalyse you or take a drugs swipe if they have reason to suspect you’re over the limit.

The outcome of being convicted of a drink or drug driving offence could be a costly fine, higher car insurance, the loss of your licence or your job, a prison sentence and, in the worst-case scenario, having to live with the knowledge that you have seriously injured or killed someone. 

The impact of drink and drug driving on people’s lives is devastating. This is a victim’s story about the lasting impact of a drink driving crash.

Young drivers

Nationally, young drivers are overrepresented in crash statistics.

Young drivers often have a fatal combination of overconfidence, inexperience in spotting and reacting to hazards, and being more inclined to take risks, such as speeding or dangerous overtaking.  

Peer pressure from passengers of a similar age can further encourage poor driving behaviour and lead to increased risk taking.

Young men are much more likely to be involved in a fatal crash caused by speeding than young women.  

Young drivers are more likely to be involved in a collision resulting in injury in a rural area than in an urban one.

Young drivers have more crashes at night or in the early morning, which could be because they are more likely to drive drunk or under the influence of drugs, or drive when tired.

According to a recent RAC survey, young drivers are twice as likely to use their mobile phone to make video calls at the wheel.

West Yorkshire Safe Roads Partnership funded a young driver intervention programme in 2023/24. This involved workshops in further education colleges, sixth forms, and workplaces, and covers strategies for driving safely, focussed around the Fatal 5.

Here’s some advice about staying safe on the road after you have passed your test.

Vehicle safety

You should get your vehicle serviced regularly. Make sure your vehicle has a current MOT certificate and is safe to drive. Regularly check:      

• windscreen, windows, and mirrors are clean, and washer bottle is topped-up
• all the lights and brakes work
• engine oil, water and brake fluid levels are correct
• water level is correct in the radiator or expansion tank
• brake fluid level is OK
• battery is in good working order
• tyres have the correct tread depth and are free of defects. The minimum tyre tread on cars is set out in law and can be easily checked with the use of a 20p coin. Find out more about tyre safety 

Horse riders and people driving horse-drawn vehicles are one of the groups of road users most at risk of harm if they are involved in a collision.

Highway Code

The updated Highway Code now includes a hierarchy of road users; those most at risk of harm or injury are higher up, including horse riders. Those who have the greatest potential to cause harm to others have the greatest responsibility.

Passing a horse

Horses are flighty animals and can be unpredictable. Road users should give them plenty of space and time by passing wide and slow. Drivers and riders should pass horse riders and horse-drawn vehicles at speeds under 10 miles per hour and allow at least 2 metres of space.

British Horse Society

The British Horse Society provides lots of road safety advice for riders and road users, and encourages everyone to report incidents or near misses and examples of close passes involving horse riders.

Injuries to motorcyclists are out of proportion to their presence on our roads. 96 riders or passengers of powered two-wheelers were injured on Leeds roads in 2023. One person lost their life and 50 people were seriously injured. We need to reduce this to zero.

THINK! motorcycling

The government’s THINK! motorcycling strategy aims to create empathy between car drivers and motorcyclists. It raises awareness about the steps that both parties can take to avoid crashes.

Highway Code for motorcyclists

The Highway Code includes rules for motorcyclists, including helmet use, carrying passengers, daylight riding, and riding in the dark.

POWDER check

Make sure you always check your bike by carrying out the POWDER check before you go out on a ride.

Carrying passengers

The decision to carry a passenger remains with the rider, who must be insured to do so. The driver is legally responsible for ensuring that the passenger is safely carried and does not exceed the maximum weight for the motorcycle. Adjustments may be needed, such as increasing the pressure in the rear tyre.

There is currently no minimum legal age to ride as a pillion, but passengers must wear a suitable helmet, be able to sit astride the motorcycle seat with their feet on the footrests, be able to hold on properly, and wear suitable protective clothing. Rules 83 to 85 of the Highway Code set out the requirements for carrying passengers on motorcycles, scooters, or mopeds. 

Safety clothing

Manage and reduce your own personal risk by wearing the appropriate safety gear. The SHARP helmet safety scheme provides great advice about helmet safety and how to select one that fits well.

New riders

ROSPA provides information for novice riders about developing riding skills and the National Young Riders Forum offer tips on safety and free training for riders just starting out.

Rider training

The Elite rider hub brings together the best post-test rider training schemes in the UK, to help improve your riding ability and develop the skills to increase motorcycle safety on the road. The Road Safety Trust has produced 8 Know the Dangers videos, designed to highlight the most common causes of collisions for motorcyclists, and ways to improve road safety.

Shiny Side Up

Based in the East Midlands, the Shiny Side Up Partnership contains a wide range of tips and useful safety information for riders around the country.

A65 bus lane

If you’re planning to travel into Leeds from Kirkstall, remember that motorcycles can use the bus lane on the A65. Following a successful pilot scheme, all types of solo motorcycles, including mopeds (50cc or less) and scooters are permanently able to use the lane.

Leeds Motorcycle Action Group

We work with groups like Leeds MAG to share ideas and help improve road safety for motorcyclists in the city.

Research shows that older people are one of the groups most likely to come to harm while using the roads. According to the Older Drivers Forum, there are just under 5.9 million people aged 70 with a driving licence in the UK, and there is an expectation that the number of drivers aged over 70 will at least double in the next 20 years. We want to help keep older road users safe and independent for as long as possible and help people to plan for driving retirement when the time comes.

Vision

It’s normal for eyesight to begin to deteriorate from the age of around 40. As we get older, our field of vision narrows, sharpness and contrast deteriorate, and the time it takes for the eyes to adjust to different light conditions increases. This can cause problems when crossing roads, changing lanes, or dealing with junctions.

Many of ageing's effects on vision are subtle and occur gradually over time, so older road users may not be aware of their impact. Driving with defective eyesight is an offence. If you fail to meet the required standard, you might invalidate your insurance or be prosecuted. Here are some ways to reduce and manage the effects of changing vision:

• make sure you comply with the driving eyesight rules. Drivers should be able to read a car number plate in good daylight at 20 metres, with the aid of glasses or contact lenses if necessary
• have your eyes checked every 2 years. Eye tests are free for the over 60s. Ask your optician for a peripheral vision test (there may be a cost)
• wear the correct spectacles or contact lenses and clean them regularly
• make sure the glass and windscreen in your vehicle are clean and fully cleared in bad weather. Change your wiper blades regularly
• avoid driving or riding when light conditions are poor, and plan driving, cycling, and walking routes in advance
• use safe crossings
• manage any health conditions that affect eyesight, such as diabetes
• practice your hazard perception skills

Hearing

Hearing loss is often associated with ageing. Reduced hearing can make it more difficult to identify which direction road sounds are coming from or to judge speed or vehicle malfunction. Road users may be less aware of an emergency vehicle approaching and hazards could more easily be missed.

Hearing can decline gradually over time, so older road users may not be aware of the impact. Auditory impairment, even when profound, is not a reason to stop driving, as vision can provide most of the required sensory input. Drivers holding a car or motorcycle licence who experience hearing loss are not required to inform the DVLA, but those holding a bus, coach or lorry licence must let the DVLA know. Here are some tips to help manage the effects of hearing loss:

• request a free NHS hearing test from your GP
• wear hearing aids if they are prescribed, and keep batteries topped up
• an induction loop system in the car may help. Some hearing aids come with Bluetooth and a mobile phone app, which allows them to be configured for specific environments
• electric vehicles, bicycles, and scooters travel much more quietly than other road traffic, so remember to be extra vigilant

Reaction time

Ageing can affect how quickly information is processed and decisions are made. The ability to concentrate, judge speed and distance, and spatial awareness can all decline, affecting hazard perception and reaction time. Older road users may be less able to multi-task, cope less well with fatigue, and be more affected by pain. Some older people may begin to have cognitive impairment as a result of health conditions such as stroke, diabetes, or dementia. Older people are also more likely to be prescribed multiple medications which may impair driving and mobility, especially if the prescription is new, or the dosage has been changed. Medication can also be affected by alcohol or over the counter drugs. It's an offence to drive under the influence of drugs, even if they are prescribed by a doctor.

Ways to help older road users cope with this include the following:

• use sat-nav or other in-car technology adaptations, but don't let them become a distraction
• remove unnecessary in-car distractions, such as pets, music, or mobile phones
• reduce speed and increase safety margins
• plan routes to avoid busy traffic, poor weather, or low light conditions
• monitor fatigue (pain can increase this) and take regular breaks
• change when you drive, or drive less. Avoid driving in conditions where you no longer feel comfortable, such as at night or at busy times of day
• always follow the advice of your GP, pharmacist, or the patient information leaflet about driving whilst taking medication

Mobility

Health and mobility inevitably deteriorate with age. Some older people lose sensation or movement. Reduced flexibility can affect the ability to turn your head and look around you safely when driving, cycling, or walking. Older people may move more slowly, have reduced balance, or become frailer, and are more likely to suffer serious injury in falls or collisions.

Here are some practical tips that can help:      

• walking is often the easiest way to get around and can be one of the best ways to maintain fitness as we age
• cycling is a good way to keep healthy, and e-bikes or adapted bikes are great for older people who may need a little extra help
• when you are out and about, give yourself lots of time when crossing the road. If you are not sure you’ll have time to cross, wait until the traffic is quieter, or move to a safer crossing place where you can clearly see and hear the traffic
• if they are available, use pedestrian crossings, even if they are a little further away
• avoid crossing between parked cars or where there are vehicles obscuring the view. Keep an eye out for signs that vehicles may be about to move away
• make sure you can be seen, especially at night or in winter. Wearing or carrying something bright or reflective will help other road users see you more easily
• make sure to have regular medical check-ups and try to stay flexible. GPs and healthcare professionals can provide tips on simple exercises to help increase or maintain mobility
• look after your feet, and get advice from your GP, podiatrist, or chiropodist if you have problems walking or using pedals. Wear appropriate footwear with good grips, especially in poor weather
• if you have walking difficulties, a mobility scooter may help make short trips a little easier. If you are thinking about getting a mobility scooter, consider how you will store and charge it, and learn how to use it safely on the road. This video has lots of practical advice
• when using buses, use the handrails when getting on and off, and ask the driver if you need to use to access ramp. Sit in the priority seats. When you want to get off, stay seated and ring the bell. Wait until the bus stops before you get up

Older drivers

It's a legal requirement to notify the DVLA of disabilities and medical conditions that could affect the ability to drive safely. It is an individual's responsibility to judge their fitness to drive, but family and friends should consult a GP if they have any concerns. There is no upper age limit for driving a car, but all drivers must renew their driving licence when they reach 70 and then every 3 years. The Driver and Vehicle Licencing Agency (DVLA) should send out a renewal automatically, or you can renew your driving licence online. The William Merritt mobility centre can provide advice on both medical and mature driver appraisals, vehicle adaptations, and driving aids.

Here are some tips to help older drivers to stay safe on the road for longer:      

• if you have a licence and are fit to drive, keep driving. Don’t become dependent on your partner’s driving, because conditions change, and it can be very hard to begin driving again after time off. Stay in practice on the roads you frequently use
• plan your journey around good conditions and cut out some of the unnecessary risks of driving in wet or icy weather
• save driving for shorter journeys in familiar surroundings, and take public transport, such as train or coach on longer, more daunting journeys
• keep your distance and give yourself more time to prepare for unexpected hazards. This can mitigate some loss in reaction time when carrying out simple procedures like stopping at a junction
• keep up to date with changes to the Highway Code. The rules will have changed dramatically since many older people passed their driving test. Register to receive notifications of updates
• update your driving skills. Use this handy driver self-assessment checklist to help review your skills
• book a session with a driving instructor who is qualified to appraise mature drivers
• consider if you need to change your vehicle to make it easier to drive. If operating the clutch or gears is becoming a strain, you may benefit from swapping to an automatic. If you are considering an automatic, make sure you are comfortable with the change from a manual gearbox. Without some training, pedal or gearstick confusion could occur
• if you are switching to electric, make sure you are familiar with the new features and with electric charging technology
• think about using a smaller car that’s easier to manoeuvre
• there are many other in-car aids available, like a bigger dashboard, larger switches, power steering, brake assist, larger mirrors, bigger windows, adjustable seats, reversing sensors, blind spot warnings, anti-dazzle mirrors, automatic headlights, and wipers

Planning for driving retirement

It might be time to consider driving retirement if:

• you, or someone you care about is starting to have more parking bumps
• other drivers are frequently frustrated by your driving
• you find busy roads stressful
• family and friends are worried about getting in your car, or about your safety on the road

The decision to give up isn’t easy. It takes honesty and courage to admit when it’s time to hang up your keys. For friends and family, bringing up the difficult subject requires tact and empathy. We all have to give up driving eventually, but the process will be easier if planning starts early, and it’s important that family and friends provide support. There are many alternatives to the car. Retiring from driving doesn’t have to mean losing freedom or mobility. Here are some tips which may help:

• if you only use your car for local journeys or only drive a couple of times a week, it could work out much cheaper to get a taxi or use public transport. Use this cost calculator to find out if you could save money
• if you are comfortable using smartphones and apps, many taxi companies have their own which makes booking much easier. By using the same company regularly, you might get to know the drivers, which may help set your mind at ease. Taxis may also be cheaper than owning and running your own car, if you don’t use it that often
• online shopping is easy to arrange, and you can get help getting started at digital drop-in sessions in your local library
• public transport (buses, trains, and coaches) is a good way to get around. Anyone old enough to claim a state pension is entitled to free off-peak bus travel anywhere in England. National Rail, West Yorkshire Metro, and National Express have more details on how to apply for concessions
• car sharing is a great way to share journeys and meet new people. Set up a WhatsApp group in your community to share journeys with your neighbours, friends, and family
• Leeds Access Bus is a door to door, 9am to 5pm service, available 7 days a week for some local journeys. It has driver assistance, is fully accessible, and the buses are fitted with seatbelts and have the most up-to-date wheelchair restraints
• Leeds City Bus connects locations round the city centre
• Age UK Leeds has a Hospital to Home service for Leeds residents aged 60+ who have attended A&E or have had a short stay in hospital
• Leeds Older People's Forum has details of activities, services, and support for older people across Leeds, including transport projects such as Holbeck Community Transport. Leeds Directory has additional information
• The Older Driver Forum has lots more useful tips, videos, and webinars about driving and planning for driving retirement

In 2023, 2 people were killed and 96 were seriously injured whilst travelling as a passenger in a vehicle in Leeds. Our ambition is to reduce these numbers to zero.

Seatbelts

Seatbelts are an important safety mechanism; they ensure that as little contact as possible is made between the occupant and the vehicle interior, and significantly reduce the risk of being thrown from a vehicle. Seatbelts save hundreds of lives each year. In a crash, you’re twice as likely to die if you don’t wear one.

Wearing a seatbelt in the back of a vehicle, or on a passenger transport vehicle is just as important as wearing one in the front of a car. If you are sitting in a seat without a seatbelt and you crash, you will hit the seat in front and anyone in it with a force many times your own body weight. This could result in death or severe injury to you and the person sitting in the front.

The law says you must wear a seatbelt on every journey if one is fitted in the seat you’re using (with limited exceptions). Only 1 person is allowed in each seat fitted with a seatbelt.

You can be fined up to £500 if you do not wear a seatbelt when you’re supposed to.

It is the responsibility of the adult passenger (defined as aged 14 years or over), not the driver, to make sure they use the seatbelt.

Find out more information about seatbelts and the law.

Child in-car safety

Children must be transported in the correct car seat for their height or weight until they reach 135 centimetres in height, or their 12th birthday, whichever is first. Once they reach this stage, they must wear an adult seatbelt.

It is the driver’s responsibility to make sure that children under 14 are wearing their seatbelts. Once a child is 14 or over, it is up to them to take responsibility for wearing their own seatbelt.

Car seats must be fitted correctly (according to the manufacturer's instructions) in order to be effective. Find out more about child car seat legislation and how to choose and fit child car seats.

Using a taxi

Passengers using taxis and private hire vehicles must wear a seatbelt. Licensed taxi drivers are exempt from wearing a seatbelt when plying for trade or carrying passengers.

Find out about how to use taxis safely.

Using a bus

Buses are an easy, low-cost mode of transport. Fares are currently capped at £2.50 for all single journeys in Leeds, and £6.00 for a DaySaver ticket allowing unlimited off-peak travel across West Yorkshire. It is important to know how to use buses safely and how to plan your journey.

Getting on the bus

When getting on the bus, follow this guidance:

• wait in a safe place, for example, at the bus stop or designated area
• your bus stop may provide seating and shelter in case you have to wait. It might also include live information on when the next bus is due
• wait until the bus has come to a complete stop and has opened the door fully before you approach it
• take care on the steps and take your time getting on
• once you have paid your fare, proceed directly to an empty seat. If you have to stand up, make sure you hold securely to the handrail or poles provided
• unless you are eligible, do not use the priority seats designed for older or disabled people, or areas designed for wheelchairs and buggies
• secure any luggage and make sure the brakes are applied on buggies and wheelchairs
• put on your seatbelt if there is one provided
• dogs are permitted on most buses, but make sure they are kept under control
• most buses have easy access ramps, but check the service before you travel. Wheelchairs users are able to board if the bus has a wheelchair space and the space is unoccupied. Find out about bus travel for disabled passengers

Getting off the bus

When getting off the bus, follow this guidance:

• on some services, spoken announcements or messages on a screen tell you when you are approaching the next stop. Signal to the driver your intention to get off the bus by using the bell
• wait for the bus to come to a complete stop before getting up from your seat
• take care on the steps and take your time getting off the bus
• never cross in front of a stopped bus. Wait until the bus has moved off and, once the road is clear, find a safe place to cross

Motorcycle passengers

The Highway Code provides guidance for carrying, or travelling as a passenger on a motorcycle, moped, or scooter.

Pedestrians are one of the road user groups most at risk of being harmed in the event of a collision. Vehicles can be lethal weapons, and the impact of a moving vehicle on a pedestrian nearly always causes injuries. Pedestrians can also be at fault, for example, if they walk in front of a vehicle without looking.

In 2023, 315 pedestrians were injured whilst using roads in Leeds. 5 people lost their lives and 108 people received serious injuries. 104 of those injured were children, and 46 people were over 60 years old. Our ambition is to reduce these numbers to zero.

Highway Code for pedestrians

Rules for pedestrians about crossing the road, the different types of pedestrian crossings, and advice about situations that need extra care are all set out in the Highway Code.

Hierarchy of road users

The hierarchy of road users has been introduced to protect those most likely to be injured in a collision. The rules give priority to pedestrians in certain situations, including when crossing and at junctions.

Be bright, be seen

In poor weather, in wintertime, or at night, it is darker and visibility is reduced. When you are walking, try to wear or carry something that is bright or has reflective strips. This will help other road users see you more easily.

Distraction

Wearing headphones, using handheld devices like mobile phones, looking after pets, and even chatting to other people can easily distract you when you are walking. Give the road 100% of your attention all the time.

Walking tips

• where there is a pavement or footway, use it
• if you are looking after someone much younger, always hold their hand and make sure that the adult always walks at the side closest to the road
• when there is no pavement, walk on the right-hand side of the road to face the traffic coming towards you. Walk 'one behind the other' at bends in the road, at night, or if there is a lot of traffic
• take extra care when crossing cycle lanes. People cycling may be travelling quietly and can be faster than other traffic
• walking has many benefits to physical and mental health. Find out more about walking in Leeds

Crossing the road

No matter what your age, always use the Green Cross Code and teach children to use it. There are lots of great road safety teaching resources for children.

Think

Find a safe place to cross. If there is a crossing nearby, use it. Crossings can include a pelican, puffin, toucan, zebra, or traffic island. Crossing patrol wardens are also there to help everyone cross safely, not just children. If there isn’t a crossing, make sure you choose a place to cross where you can see in all directions. Never cross between parked cars, near the brow of a hill, or on a blind bend.

Stop

Stand on the pavement just back from the kerb where you can clearly see the traffic. Do not step on to the road.

Look and listen for traffic

Check right, then left, then right again. Watch out for vehicles such as bicycles, scooters and electric cars that may be travelling more quietly, and look out for emergency vehicles that may be travelling very fast. Be aware of one-way streets that have traffic moving in the same direction. Look out for cyclists and motorcyclists travelling between lanes of traffic.

If traffic is coming, let it pass

Before you cross at a crossing, wait until traffic stops or the green walking figure is showing. Remember, even if traffic is a long way off, it may be approaching very quickly. Do not cross until there is a safe gap in the traffic, and you are certain that you have enough time to get safely across. Once the traffic has passed, look and listen again.

When it's safe to cross

Walk straight across the road. Don't run or cut across diagonally. Keep looking and listening while you cross, in case there is any traffic that you did not see or other traffic appears suddenly.