The Forest of Leeds |
|
 Trees and Woodlands | Woodland Heritage | Tree Species in the British Isles Woodland Grant Schemes | Trees and the Law | Woodland Crafts | Pests and Diseases |
|
|
|
There are thousands of different tree species, hybrids, cultivars and varieties
in the UK. However, according to some sources there are only 33 that are UK
natives.
'Native' trees are defined as those that were able to migrate from mainland Europe without the aid of man. The period in which this refers to is after the ice age (9-10,000 years ago) and before the land connection with the continent was eroded, approximately 5,000 years ago. Those species listed below which are classified as native are coloured in green. There are a large number of trees that have been introduced since that period which have colonised very well in this country and are termed as 'exotic' species. Some of these are also included below. Species Index Click to view detailed discription. Native species appear in green.
Full Listings Alders The Common Alder (Alnus glutinosa) is a native deciduous tree of Britain which produces spectacular catkin displays in the early spring. It is a lowland species that loves to grow nears rivers and streams and in damp woodlands. The Grey Alder (Alnus incana) is planted in gardens and for shelter and can reach heights of up to 80ft. Although it prefers moist ground it does not tolerate water–logging in the same way as the Common Alder. It is a hardier species, often used on reclaimed industrial land. This species produces highly ornamental catkins before the Common Alder and before its first leaf flush. According to ancient belief, evil lurked in the Common Alder. It was feared because its wood appears to bleed when cut. This caused superstition as it suggested the tree was the embodiment of a malign spirit. The wood is yellow when seasoned, durable in winter and as it is easy to work, it is often used for clog making, shoe soles, charcoal for gun powder and broom handles. Dyes can be derived from the bark and fruit. › previous page Alder Buckthorn The Alder Buckthorn (Frangula alnus) is neither an Alder nor does it have thorns. However, it is often found growing alongside Alders in damp woods, in peaty soils and on raised bogs. This shrub has many uses, and as the older name suggests ('Black Dogwood') it was often used to make butchers' spikes and skewers. Other uses for the shrub over the years range from explosives, laxatives, dyestuffs and purgatives to pea sticks. Its autumn colours of yellow leaves and purple berries make for attractive, seasonal interest in natural woodland settings. › previous page Ash The Common Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) is a native tree to Britain and is found in the wild in moist woods, riverbanks and mixed broadleaved woodlands where it can reach heights of 135ft. The pale, pliable and sturdy timber is used for a variety of things including tool handles, furniture, pegs, oars, hockey sticks, charcoal, tennis rackets and skis. There was once a great deal of superstition attached to Ash trees; burning Ash wood was thought to remove evil spirits from dwellings, and sick children would be cured if passed through the cleft of an Ash tree. Scandinavians believed that the Ash was sacred and that Yggdrasil, the Tree of the World, was a giant Ash and that the tips of his crown resided in heaven and that his roots sought out the pits of hell. The Weeping Ash (F. excelsior 'Pendula') is a very attractive form, the branches of which sweep nearly down to the ground. › previous page Aspen The Aspen (Populus tremula) is a quick growing, deciduous tree and reaches heights of up to 30m. It is often found in woodlands, on wasteland and abandoned quarries and produces attractive catkins in spring. The Aspen quickly colonises new ground as it produces an abundance of suckers, although it is not a tree with a large population in Britain. This tree is famous for the rustling sound of the leaves, hence its botanical name 'tremula', meaning that the tree can often be heard before it is seen. Country folk used to believe that the constant trembling indicated some secret grief or guilt for the Aspen. Some even believed it felt guilty for supplying the wood that was used for the cross of Christ. As the tree does not grow very large, it is not an important British timber tree. However, before the extinction of the beaver in Scotland during medieval times, the Aspen was its staple food. › previous page Beech The Common Beech (Fagus sylvatica) is a native tree to southern England and is typical in size and form to forest trees. Its smooth, silvery trunk can be stunning and seen from miles around. It grows well on chalk downs or acidic soils and is an expert at seeking water. The Beech bears more shade than any other native tree except for Holly (Ilex spp) and Yew (Taxus spp) and although it can grow up under any tree, none other can grow in its shade. The tallest recorded tree in England is 150ft and Beech can reach 20 feet around their stems. The oldest surviving tree in Britain is said to be over 320 years old (although the average life span is around 250 years) and the tallest maintained hedge to be found is up to 105ft. Beech play host to an unfortunately large number of wood decay fungi and other pests and diseases and mature to over mature trees can die quite quickly following infection from certain fungal species. Beech wood is very pliable and bends easily, making it ideal for turning or furniture making. › previous page Birch There are two native British Birch, the Silver Birch (Betula verriculosa syn B. pendula) and the Downy Birch (Betula pubescens). The two species are fairly similar, having white bark and fairly open crowns, allowing plenty of other plants to grow under their canopy. This and the fact that they are comparatively small in height and spread makes them both ideal garden trees. However, the Silver Birch is thought to be more graceful, having pendulous branches. They are quick growing but short–lived, reaching heights of 60 – 80ft, although most are too short–lived to attain such growth. These deciduous trees are quick colonisers, with their seed usually the first to inhabit areas recently cleared of trees. The sap of the Birch is rich in sugar and when tapped in spring it can be used to make wine by adding honey and can also be used as a shampoo (without the honey); while the oil derived from the bark can be used as an insect repellent. The wood of the Silver Birch is used for the backs of brushes and tool handles and the twigs in winter are used to make besom brooms for gardens and forest–fire beaters. The timber is not utilised largely as a crop as the wood is soft and rots quickly, although it is occasionally used to make furniture, tool handles and plywood. As firewood, it burns with a particularly bright flame. › previous page Blackthorn The Blackthorn or Sloe (Prunus spinosa) is a native, deciduous shrub or small tree of Britain that has virtually black, thorny branches. This formidable barrier of thorns can be used to protect plants or other property from humans and animals. In spring, it suddenly produces conspicuous white flowers prior to leaf burst and the birds nest in its protective shelter. During late summer, the birds quickly eat the berries, or sloe. Commonly used as hedging, wind breaks or barriers, this thorny shrub can grow to 16ft. It prefers chalky soil in a sunny position but is hardy and can cope with a number of environments. The sloe can be used to make preserves or sloe gin. As the blossoms often appear in March during the period of cold east winds, a cold spring was traditionally known as a 'blackthorn winter'. › previous page Box The Box (Buxus sempervirens) is most commonly seen as formal, clipped hedges or topiary. However, it is a native, evergreen species that once formed part of woodlands which are now very rare. As a tree, it reaches heights of 35ft and has a small rounded form. The timber is hard, heavy, yellow and closely grained and is used for chess pieces, tool handles, drawing instruments and engraving blocks. › previous page Bracken The Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) is an aggressive member of the fern family. It is a very successful plant living in a diverse range of habitats and once established, it can become the dominant species and be impossible to remove. › previous page Cherries There are two native species of Cherry to Britain, the Bird Cherry (Prunus padus) and the more common Wild Cherry or Gean (Prunus avium). Both species produce white flowers from March to April, while most of the common Cherries planted in parks, gardens and on streets are pink flowered exotic or cultivated species. The common, deciduous Cherries grow to around 60-70ft tall and can be found, more often than not, in woodland settings, parks or arboretums. They are generally quick growing, and their timber can be used for fine furniture and veneers. The fruits of these trees are very popular with birds in the summer, and although the fruits of the Wild Cherry are edible (used for syrups and cough mixtures), only birds are able to eat the Bird Cherry fruits, as the name suggests. › previous page Chestnuts There are two species of Chestnut common in Britain although neither are natives. The one that graces many parks, village greens or rectory lawns is the Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum). This deciduous tree is of course famous with children and adults alike for the abundance of 'conkers' that are produced in the autumn. A cultivar is available (Aesculus hippocastanum "Baumannii") that does not produce conkers but is similar to the Horse Chestnut in every other respect. The Horse Chestnut produces many foot–tall, 'candle–like' flowers of white, and the tree seeds itself quite freely in woodland settings. The oldest living specimen in Britain is 130ft tall and was planted in 1664. The wood is pale cream or brown and although it is light it is weak and therefore not planted as a timber crop. However, it can be used for toys and for trays to store fruit as it is quite absorbent. It is light and easily shaped and until recently was used to form artificial limbs. The other common Chestnut is the Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa) although it is from a different genus altogether. The most notable feature of this tree is the greatly spiralling bark, which extends up the trunk, although this doesn't occur until the tree is around 100 years old. Chestnut stuffing and chestnuts roasting on an open fire are a traditional winter delicacy in Britain, however, those sold in shops are rarely British. This is due to our comparatively cool summers, so they are instead imported from France and Italy. Sweet Chestnuts are not great colonisers in this country as the seed does not germinate freely. The majority are planted specimens and are more commonly found in parks and large gardens. The timber is converted into panelling and beams as it resists the weather quite well, and is most often used for the palings of rough fencing. › previous page Crab Apple The Crab Apple (Malus sylvestris) is a native tree of Britain and the name is derived from the Norse word skrab, which describes its 'scrubby' nature. It can be found in mainly Oak woodlands and elsewhere throughout the countryside and can reach heights of around 35ft. They provide valuable wildlife habitats for birds as the fruits ripen in the autumn and these are also used to make jams, wine and jellies for our own enjoyment. The timber of the Crab Apple is reddish–brown, tough and finely grained. It is used for carving, mallet handles and fire wood. It is from the Crab Apple that many of the eating and cooking apple trees we grow today have been cultivated from, although they do not carry the thorns of the wild native. › previous page Dog Rose The Dog Rose (Rosa canina) is a native rose often found in hedge banks and downs. It is a medium sized shrub with very prickly stems and white or pink scented flowers. It also produces bright red, egged-shaped fruits. › previous page Elder Common elder (Sambucus nigra) is found growing naturally in woodlands and hedgerows throughout the country. It forms a large deciduous shrub or a small tree and is often considered a weed because of its ability to rapidly colonise. However, the red autumn berries and the white spring flowers are highly valuable to wildlife and provide a splash of seasonal colour. Most parts of the elder are used in making medicines, drinks, food or as talismans, such as fly repellent concoctions of leaves, elderflower water against sunburn, elderflower or elderberry wine, elderflower fritters and elderwood and sap as charms against witches and witchcraft. › previous page Elm There are a number of species of Elm that grow in Britain, however the deciduous Wych Elm (Ulmus glabra) is the only undisputed native. It can be found in most parts of Britain and is known to seed itself abundantly every year in favourable conditions. The Wych Elm is supposedly non-suckering, a common trait of most Elms, unless suffering from stress. The tallest recorded tree in Britain was 100ft tall and 25ft round at the stem. Unfortunately, Elm trees are prone to Dutch Elm Disease, a killer which has caused the decline and death of a very large number of Elm trees throughout Britain and Europe. However, the Wych Elm is the hardiest of species in Britain in respects to climate and the local environment and it tolerates pollution well. The name 'Wych' is Anglo-Saxon and means pliable, referring to the twigs and a horseman carrying a riding-switch from an Elm is thought to be lucky. The timber of Elm is extremely tough and can be an attractive reddish-brown with some green streaks. As it is durable even when wet, it has in the past been used for underground water pipes. Nowadays, as it is nearly impossible to split, it is utilised for the keels of boats, for harbour works, seats of chairs, hubs of wooden wheels and also provides the traditional wood for coffins. › previous page Eucalyptus There are approximately 500 species of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp), mostly evergreen, large and very quick growing trees which are typical to Australia. The bark of the trees generally peels in long strips, leaving behind differing colours of powdery surfaces (reds, whites, blues, yellows and oranges) and some are very aromatic. Some species of eucalyptus are classed amongst the largest trees in the world and their variety of amenity features exceeds them as ornamental trees. While they are generally very tall trees (some species reach heights of up to 350ft, although they average between 170-250 feet), eucalyptus can be easily coppiced once they begin to outgrow their location, so that a multi-stemmed tree is very quickly produced. A single stem can then be selected to grow on and the others removed or it can be left to develop a tall, shrub-like form. Eucalyptus are now being recognised world wide for their value as ornamental trees (attractive peeling bark with contrasting colours left behind, delicate evergreen leaves, a range of scents), their value as very quick growing timber and for the manageability. In Australia, their timber is utilised for construction, pulping, flooring, bridge building, wharf construction, telegraph poles and railway sleepers. › previous page Firs The common firs (Abies spp) found within this country include the noble fir (Abies procera) and the grand fir (Abies grandis). Introduced to this country in the early 19th century, these evergreen trees are slow growing to start with although their growth rates turn moderate to very fast. They are generally found within mixed conifer plantations and sometimes as specimen trees in parks and gardens. The grand fir is quite shade tolerant and can therefore be planted underneath already established trees. Both trees prefer abundant quantities of rainfall, although the grand fir will tolerate drier conditions. Both trees are native to North America. › previous page Gorse Common gorse, or furze (Ulex europeaus) is a common shrub found on heaths and rough grassland throughout the British Isles. It is a spiky, evergreen shrub which has the ability to spread and colonise large areas of land. It produces profuse, yellow flowers in the spring which provide a colourful scene for the evergreen backdrop. › previous page Guelder Rose The Guelder Rose (Viburnum opulus) is a native deciduous shrub of Britain and it is highly regarded for its ornamental qualities. In the spring it develops beautiful diamond clusters of white flowers and in August the berries turn red at the same time as the leaves start to turn burgundy. It can attain heights of 13ft but is normally much smaller. Formerly, it was known as the Water or Swamp Elder, which refer to its Elder–like berries and for its love of growing in damp areas. It is often found in the Fens and in boggy areas, alongside Alder Buckthorn, Sallows, Birch and Alder. The leaves, bark and berries of this attractive shrub are all poisonous. › previous page Hawthorn The Hawthorn, May or Quickthorn (Crataegus monogyna) is a native, deciduous shrub or small tree of Britain and is most notable as a hedgerow species. Hawthorns provide ideal wildlife habitats for birds and a number of insects, and act as stock-proof barriers due to their thorns and dense growth habit as hedges. The Hawthorn is fast growing and sturdy. Grown as a tree it can often be found on woodland edges or rides and in the open countryside, reaching heights of up to 35ft. They produce attractive white flowers in the spring and red berries in the autumn. During the 16th and 18th centuries, land enclosures prompted the planting of thousands of hedges to surround estates. Unfortunately, a lot of these are now being destroyed due to mechanised farming. The spikes, which cause formidable barriers can now be replaced with barbed wire or electric fences. Early Christians associated the Hawthorn with Joseph of Arimathea. He was the owner of the tomb in which Jesus was placed after the Crucifixion and later he was supposed to have planted his hawthorn staff into the ground at Glastonbury. This thorn apparently flushed new growth and was labelled a 'Holy Thorn'. Pagan and medieval rites used the Hawthorn to symbolise the coming of summer, probably because of the early blossoms it produces. In some areas, it is believed that the destruction of a Hawthorn brings about doom and to have blossoms inside a dwelling invites disaster. The Midland Hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata) is also a native species and very similar to the Common Hawthorn, although the leaf shape, number of seeds and flower stems is different. › previous page Hazel The Common Hazel (Corylus avellana) is a deciduous native to all parts of the U.K. except the Shetland Isles. It grows most commonly on chalk, limestone, neutral and mildly acidic soils. Hazel is often coppiced and grown for its timber and nut harvest, but even so is only a small tree, rarely exceeding 15m. Hazel rods have been used since prehistoric times to weave a number of products, including baskets, wattle and daub building frames, fencing and hurdles. To provide continual rods, the Hazel is often coppiced so that the stool, or stump, produces an abundance of new shoots instead of a single stem. Hazel rods and living trees are often used to form hedges in the country, and are sometimes mixed and interwoven with laid Hawthorns hedges to produce a dense barrier. › previous page Holly The Holly (Ilex aquifolium) is an evergreen, native tree or shrub to Britain and is found in most environments, including harsh ones, although it does not do well in wet soils. The red berries produced in autumn are a great source of food for birds and provide a view of colourful, seasonal interest. It was at one time superstition that to cut down Holly would be unlucky and because of this, many Hollies still survive today and can be found growing within maintained hedgerows. Sometimes, Hollies are clipped and shaped as ornamental trees and topiary and they are also ideal for the creation of dense, formidable hedges. The wood is strong, heavy and white and has been used for carving and woodcuts. › previous page Hornbeam The Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) is another British native tree that can be found in its wild state in Oak and Beech woodlands at a height of up to 80ft. In the spring, the tree is adorned with yellow male catkins and in the autumn the leaves turn from green to yellow to gold to orange–brown. With age, this deciduous tree develops a deeply fluted and twisting stem, making this an attractive amenity tree. It also makes an excellent hedge as when it is clipped it becomes quite dense and it holds onto some leaves during the winter months. The wood is tough and is thought to be one of the hardest in Europe, so it is therefore also quite durable. It is used for making butchers' blocks, cattle yokes, mill wheels, piano keys, charcoal, mallets, skittles, bean sticks and as a fuel. The Hornbeam was named after the wood's strength (Old English; horn : hard and beam : tree). In its native state it is not very wide–spread in Britain, although it has been planted in parks, woodlands, arboreta and large gardens throughout. › previous page Juniper The Juniper (Juniperus communis) is a small, evergreen, native conifer tree or shrub of Britain and can reach heights of around 20ft. It produces dark, purple berries which ripen to provide the flavouring for gin or for culinary purposes. The oil from the leaves was used in Ancient Egypt as part of a concoction for preserving mummies. Junipers were sacred to medieval Europeans as their burning branches and leaves kept evil at bay. The Juniper grows in a variety of environments, from the chalky southern downs to the acidic pine forests of Scotland. › previous page Laburnum While laburnums (Laburnum spp) are not native to the UK, they are a common feature of many small and large private gardens. The characteristic golden bark, long trailing yellow spring flowers, dark heartwood and light sapwood make this a prized ornamental and wood turning timber tree. Unfortunately, all parts of this small tree are poisonous and planting should be avoided particularly in areas frequented by children. › previous page Larch None of the Larch species are native to Britain but one, the European Larch (Larix decidua), is particularly common and the one you are most likely to see. It is a deciduous conifer with a distinctive flush of bright apple green foliage in spring, which darkens during the summer to become golden brown in autumn. A very tall–growing tree, it can attain a height of 150ft, especially when grown in plantations that have been left to over mature or in sheltered, steep sided valleys. Commonly planted in forests, gardens and shelter belts, this tree is notable for its stunning autumn colours and general seasonal interest. The timber of the European Larch is of high quality due to its rust–coloured heartwood and is often used to make stair–cases, light furniture and wall panelling. As it is quick growing, it is also useful as a nurse crop in hardwood plantations as it can provide shelter to the more slow growing species. While it is quick growing, it is however a short lived species and is susceptible to a number of ailments such as canker and it suffers under spring frosts. The Japanese Larch (Larix kaempferi), as the name suggests, is a native of Japan but it is planted in considerable numbers as a plantation tree throughout hilly, western regions of the British Isles. It is also commonly planted as an 'edge' tree to new woodlands as its quick rate of growth makes it an excellent 'nurse' tree. It is a tall, deciduous conifer that is relatively tolerant of polluted air and often planted on reclamation sites, particularly old coal tips. Its orange twigs in the winter and its autumn colour also make this tree an ideal seasonal interest, ornamental tree. In Japan, it is a common bonsai species and they are believed to symbolise mortality and the changes that come about by the seasons. This tree is quickly becoming more preferable than the European Larch, as it is not susceptible to cankers and grows at a faster rate. The Japanese Larch is sometimes planted as a fire break amidst plantations of more inflammable conifers, as its wood smoulders rather than burns. However, as firewood, larch can be uncomfortably sparky. The wood can be utilised to make fencing and for structural work, although it has to be carefully sawn as the planks can easily twist. › previous page Lime There are two native, deciduous species of Lime (Tilia spp) in the British Isles and various hybrid forms between these two as well as some introduced exotics. The Large Leaved Lime (Tilia platyphyllos) is found naturally on the limestone soils of the Wye Valley and in South Yorkshire. However, it is also a popular street and parkland tree. The Small Leafed Lime (Tilia cordata) can also be found on base rich soils, particularly limestone cliffs. It grows naturally as far north as the Lake District but has been planted in parks, avenues, streets and gardens north as far as southern Scotland. In high summer it is covered in scented yellow flowers which are very popular with honey bees. This tree is noted for supporting large numbers of aphid insect populations on its heart shaped leaves which are famous for their secretion of honeydew. Others that make a regular feast of the Lime tree are moths, caterpillars, cattle and deer and as a consequence, are rarely found in the wild. Lime are long lived and hardy trees and often produce prolific sprouting, or 'epicormic growth' from the base. However the Large Leaved Lime does not produce this growth which makes it a more ideal street tree than the others. Long surviving Small Leaved Limes can be found at Hampton Palace, that were planted 350 years ago by Charles I. It was once believed that the Lime was a holy tree and it was widely planted in villages by peasants to deter evil. Due to its dense and wide spreading canopy it has always been a favourite shade tree, even as far back as the ancient Greeks and Romans. The wood of the Lime is soft and even grained, making it popular with carvers and wood turners and as it does not warp easily, the keys of pianos and organs are also made from its timber. › previous page Maples The native Maple of Britain is the Field Maple (Acer campestre) and although it is most notably used in hedgerows it can grow to heights of 60ft or more and provides a wildlife–rich understorey in some woodlands. One of the oldest recorded trees dates from around 1700, although old specimens are not often found. There are 150 recognised species of Maple (Acer spp) and small, colourful, Japanese varieties are commonly planted in gardens. One of the larger specimens of Maple found is the Norway Maple (Acer platanoides) which grows to around 80ft, has slightly snake-barked trunks and is common as street or park tree. This tree tolerates pollution and grime well, making it an ideal city tree. The yellow flowers produced in the spring are popular with bees but unfortunately the trees are also hounded by grey squirrels, which strip off the bark for food as well as the underlying sweet sap. In the autumn the red, yellow and scarlet-brown leaves make it an attractive ornamental tree. The Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum) can grow to around 70ft and prefers moist soil near to water and is a hardy, light-loving species. The delicately shaped leaves, their silvery undersides and the autumn colours make it an ideal ornamental, seasonally interesting tree. › previous page Oak There are two deciduous native Oak trees to the British Isles; the English Oak (Quercus robur) and the Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea). However, there are 37 species listed as being hardy to the climate of Britain. Oaks are a very important tree in Britain for their timber, their wildlife habitats, their extensive life spans and their grace and beauty. The Sessile or Durmast Oak is dominant in northern and western areas. It prefers light soils, as it will be out competed in heavier clay and loam soil by the English Oak. The tallest Oak in Britain was a 142ft specimen in Herefordshire. Oak wood has for many years been used to produce charcoal as it burns steadily, so from early times it has been an important timber crop. Unfortunately, the large demand for this charcoal and the slow growth of this tree has meant the demise of large tracts of Oak woodlands. The oak bark has also been used to produce tannin, which is utilised in the tanning process for leather. The English Oak predominates in the south of the country where soil conditions are more to its liking. It is a commonly planted tree in parks and woodlands where many giant veterans have survived to live almost 1000 years. Druids in Celtic Britain thought of the Oak as a sacred tree and the mistletoe that was more common then was gathered and used in secret rites. It is a very sturdy tree and is used in construction, panelling and furniture and the acorns are still sometimes used as animal fodder today. The most commonly found exotic or non–native Oaks in Britain are the Turkey Oak (Quercus cerris) from Southern Europe and the Holm Oak (Quercus ilex). The Holm Oak is evergreen and often planted in parks and gardens and it does reproduce naturally in this country. The Turkey Oak however, has naturalised far more successfully and is spreading like a native throughout the countryside. › previous page Pines The Pines are a large and diverse group of evergreen conifers with over eighty species in the northern hemisphere and across the equator to Java. The Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) is the only native to Britain, however, there are a large number of other species commonly planted as garden, park and forest trees, many of which grow to a similarly large size. Pines are important wildlife trees, particularly in the north, where they provide some of the last outposts for the endangered red squirrel in the UK. The Scots Pine is distinctive because of its ornamental, bright orange bark in the upper crown and pale greenish–brown needles. It grows rapidly and can reach heights of around 115ft. It rarely exceeds a life span of 250 years except in exposed areas, where its growth is stunted and thereby slowed. The native Scots Pine woodlands are now a rarity, as the timber they produce is of a high quality and in great demand. It is a tree commonly found in the Highlands and the lochs and rivers were ideal for floating the logs to be processed. The timber is used for buildings, ships' masts, charcoal, flaming torches, chipboard, boxes, fencing, telegraph poles and furniture and the tree has also proved a good source of turpentine, resin and tar. The Corsican Pine (Pinus nigra var. maritima) is an evergreen conifer which is native to Corsica and Southern Italy. It is widely grown in parks, gardens, church yards and as shelter belts or commercial plantations in the UK. As a plantation, they provide very suitable habitats for deer and birds. It is found on most soil types including heavy clays, sand, chalk and shallow peats. The Corsican Pine is a large tree reaching an average of 115ft in height, the tallest recorded in the UK being 145ft tall. However, the trees need plenty of light to grow quickly and in plantations they need to be thinned out carefully. The timber is used to make pit props and in general building work. As plywood, thin strips of wood are shaved from the log in a spiral and glued together to form layers. The opposite angled grain in successive layers provides its strength. › previous page Poplars There are a number of species of Poplar that grow in Britain and the majority of these deciduous trees take up vast amounts of water to assist in their rapid growth rates. Some of the most commonly recognised are the Lombardy Poplar (Populus nigra 'Italica'), which are very tall, dense, columnar trees often used as wind breaks and screens. They can reach heights of up to 120ft and tolerate soot and smoke very well. The White Poplar (Populus alba) is notable for the white, felty undersides of its foliage and the whispering they cause in the breeze. In Greek legend this tree was originally black. Apparently, Hercules wore a garland from the White Poplar in a battle with Cerberus, the guardian of the underworld and his sweat bleached the garland white. This tree can reach heights of around 110ft, it suckers freely and tolerates pollution and salt, so it flourishes on road sides and near the sea. The Black Poplar (Populus nigra var. betulifolia) is a native timber tree to Britain. It flourishes on fertile soils beside water and tolerates pollution well. It was often planted as a screen and its timber is utilised for baskets for fruit, clogs, matches and matchboxes. Unfortunately, the numbers of living trees surviving modern Britain is frighteningly low and proactive groups have formed around the country to help protect and regenerate this native tree by vegetative propagation. There is an active protection group within the city of Leeds and if you would like further information, please contact Glenn Gorner at glen.gorner@leeds.gov.uk Another unlikely species of Poplar is the Aspen (Populus tremula) and this is described in further detail under its own section. › previous page Robinia The Robinia (Robinia pseudoacacia) is also known as the False Acacia or the Black Locust. This tree can produce mean spikes along its trunk and within the branches as a form of protection against browsing animals. It is a fast growing, deciduous tree that reaches heights of up to 85ft. It can be an attractive ornamental tree with its delicate leaf formation, twisted trunk, white, sweet-scented hanging flowers and open crown. The variety R. pseudoacacia 'Inermis' does not produce the spikes and the variety R. pseudoacacia 'Frisea' has attractive honey-golden leaves. › previous page Rowan The Rowan or Mountain Ash (Sorbus aucuparia) is a deciduous native to all parts of the British Isles. It is generally a small tree rarely exceeding 50ft and often inhabiting harsh environments such as moorland and heath, although it is by no means restricted to these areas. It is distinctive in autumn due to its large clusters of red berries and is often planted in arboretums, streets and gardens. From ancient times this tree has been associated with witchcraft and the name is thought to mean 'charm', from the Norse word runa. It apparently wards off witches and was often planted in churches and outside of dwellings. Sprays of Rowan leaves were traditionally hung over doors on May Day to thwart evil and wells dressed with Rowans also kept witches away. The alternative name of 'Mountain Ash' reflects the altitudes in which this tree grows, although its compact form makes it ideal for many planting sites. It is also very hardy and its branches can withstand frosts more than most trees. The berries can be made into a jelly, which is a favourite accompaniment to game dishes and were also made into a drink to prevent scurvy, as they are rich in vitamin C. At one time, they were used as bait to trap thrushes, redwings and fieldfares by bird catchers. The strong, flexible, yellowish-grey timber was once widely used to make the handles of tools, for small carvings and occasionally in place of Yew for making long-bows. › previous page Sitka Spruce The Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) is one of the largest spruce trees and is used widely as a plantation tree. This tree is noted for its particularly prickly needles, which can make the tree painful to handle, although the advantage is that it is not revered by browsing animals. This tree colonises easily and is widely planted. It can withstand severe wind exposure, including salty conditions and is very cold-hardy (except for late frosts). It requires plenty of light and will not tolerate shade. It is favoured as a plantation tree for its ability to establish on sites that range from fertile and sheltered to infertile and exposed. The timber is prized, as the tree is quick growing and is suitable for building construction, pallets, paper pulp, particle board and plywood. However, this is one of the few spruce that is not used as a Christmas tree. › previous page Sorbus Sorbus is the common genus name for a very large number of species of tree across the globe. The most common and one of only 3 native to Britain is the Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia). However, a great many other species are planted as street trees or in gardens and parks for a number of different attributes. Most have very striking berries, which are a great attraction to wildlife, some form compact, columnar habits which make them ideal as street trees and others have stunning displays of autumn leaf colour for seasonal interest. › previous page Strawberry Tree The Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo) is a native evergreen tree of the UK that was naturally found in thickets, woods and dry rocky places throughout Britain, although it is generally only found in the wild today in Ireland. Nowadays, it is planted in arboretums and occasionally in parks. This highly ornamental tree generally only reaches heights of 40ft and sports dark-reddish peeling bark, shiny dark-green evergreen leaves, scarlet fruits and simultaneous flowers. › previous page Sycamore The Sycamore, 'Great Maple' or 'Great Plane' (Acer pseudoplatanus is not a native to the British Isles but has naturalised to such an extent that it has spread abundantly throughout the country. It is a large deciduous tree growing to 115ft or more and sheds distinctive, winged seed-pods in the autumn. In some woodlands it is considered a pest as it out–competes the native species, but the Sycamore has a lot to offer both to the commercial forester and the wildlife enthusiast. It is unique as a hardwood in its ability to withstand salty winds, and is often used as a shelter belt in these harsh conditions. It is quick growing and by the age of 60 it can be felled for its timber, which is creamy white, does not warp and is easily worked. It if often used to make furniture, for musical instruments and for veneers, particularly those unique specimens that have a highly prized 'ripple' effect. The Sycamore is sometimes known as the Martyrs' Tree as it was in Tolpuddle in Dorset, under one such tree, that the Tolpuddle Martyrs met in 1834 to form a society to fight starvation and poor wages. Unfortunately, they were caught and sentenced to seven years transportation to Australia, however, they were pardoned after two years and returned home. › previous page Tulip The tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) is a moisture–loving ornamental tree that grows to heights of around 35 metres. In sheltered, southern climates, this tree can grow very rapidly, reaching almost half of its height in 20 years, although it has been known to live for over 280 years. The tulip tree has a high amenity value, particularly for its honey-yellow, unusually-shaped leaves in autumn. The timber has always been highly prized, from the North American Indians who used the hollowed out trunk to make canoes, to modern times where it can be used to make kitchen furniture. › previous page Western Hemlock The Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) is a tree native to North America and found in particularly large numbers on the west coast. However, after its discovery by the British, a number have been planted throughout the UK in gardens, shelterbelts, estates and plantations. This is a fairly quick growing tree that reaches heights of up to 260ft in ideal conditions of high humidity and high rainfall. This attractive, evergreen conifer can grow under deeper shade than any other conifer and its viable seed can be produced in copious quantities. The leading shoot of this species grows with a droop, so that it can grow through overhead branches without damage. › previous page Whitebeam The Whitebeam (Sorbus aria) is a native deciduous tree found from the lowlands to the mountains and it thrives on chalk and on limestone. In its natural state is can reach heights of around 80ft although its form is quite upswept, making it ideal as a modern street tree. This is supported further by its ability to withstand high levels of pollution and its high amenity value. This tree has a variety of ornamental qualities, its silvery leaves opening in spring and persisting through the summer, red berries in the autumn and golden foliage prior to leaf fall. The timber of the Whitebeam is very tough, heavy and hard and was once used for making the cogs of some early machinery. It can also be used to make handles or spoons and the fruit is often made into a jelly, traditionally eaten with venison. › previous page Wild Service Tree The Wild Service Tree (Sorbus torminalis) is another native tree to Britain although it is one of the rarest. However, there were times when this tree was more common but it is thought to have succumbed to the fires of charcoal burners since pre–Roman times. The tree does not germinate freely and grows quite slowly, which is another reason for its lack of distribution, although it can occasionally be found in Oak, Hornbeam or Beech woodlands. This is an attractive tree; the bark peels off into strips leaving a chequered effect and the purple, autumn colour of the maple–like leaves can be stunning. › previous page Willows There are a large number of Willows that can commonly be found in Britain. Willows are generally thought to be quick growing and love an abundance of water, however there are many types of Willows with different needs and some prefer moist, well drained soil rather than wetlands and others grow slowly and stunted as alpines. The Goat Willow, or Pussy Willow (Salix caprea) is a native, deciduous species and its golden, male catkins are often used in churches on Palm Sunday, but the well known catkins used in flower arrangements and indoor decoration are from other closely related species. Their flowers provide early food for bees, and as the tree is also pollinated by wind, it is an easy coloniser of surrounding ground, particularly damp places. The bark contains tannin and also the drug salicin, from which asprin is derived. The wood is very soft and was once made into clothes pegs and hatchet handles. The Bay Willow (Salix pentandra) is another native, deciduous species and it can generally be found in its natural state on riverbanks and within meadows. It produces attractive male and female catkins in the early summer and its dark green glossy leaves have a reflective quality near the water. The Crack Willow (Salix fragilis) is again a native, deciduous species which also prefers river banks. Its twigs are very brittle and it uses this as a form of vegetative propagation – the twigs snap off, travel down the river and once landing on ground again will take root and produce new trees. The wood can be utilised to make quite decent charcoal and is popular with artists for drawing. A purple dye can be derived from the roots and at one time this was used to decorate eggs at Easter. The Crack Willow is quite tolerant of pollution and salty air and therefore proves invaluable in coastal areas, particularly as the roots hold potentially eroding soils together. The White Willow (Salix alba) is a quick growing, deciduous native tree which frequents damp areas, particularly near river banks and lowlands. This tree can reach heights of around 80ft, although traditionally it was pollarded at head height so that a regular supply of poles was available that was out of reach of grazing animals. The poles were used in fencing and other woven products as well as for firewood. Again, as a water edge species, this tree is invaluable as its roots hold together the soils that may otherwise be eroded by water and other elements. The timber of this tree has been used for flooring, the bottoms of carts and is most famous for the production of cricket bats in the south. The most memorable Willows to most people are the Weeping Willows (Salix chrysochoma) which produce large, pendulous 'umbrellas' for crowns with branches often sweeping down to the ground. › previous page Yew The Yew tree (Taxus baccata) is an evergreen native to Britain that is slow growing and long lived and specimens have been found that are over 5,000 years old and up to 80ft tall. These are very commonly found in church yards and although some assume that the Yew was a favourite tree to plant on sacred ground, it is more likely that churches were built near to existing yews. It is thought that this tree was prized as sacred by the pagans and that when their religion was overtaken by the Christians, pagan areas of worship were eradicated and built upon by the newcomers. However, there are few long–lived trees remaining in Britain today, and this is partly due to the timber being valuable in the Middle Ages for making long bows, as the wood is quite strong (heartwood) and elastic (sapwood). More recently it has been used for cabinetwork and wood sculpture and the dense growth habit forms ideal hedges. Yews prefer to grow on chalky soils and can tolerate pollution well. They can grow under shade and can themselves form a dense shade so that very little will grow under their canopies. Some elements of the Yew tree are poisonous, including the bark, needles, shoots and the seed. › previous page References
|
|
|